Keisan English website (keisan. Finally, calculate the Polar Area using the equation above: PA = 1/2 * a * r^2. When you look at a graph of a return loss formula, the negative sign is often omitted and is sometimes used interchangeably with the S11 parameter. Calculate Stripline impedance for given PCB parameters. Current lags the voltage by 26. The KiCad PCB Calculator is a set of utilities to help you find the values of components or other parameters. PCB stands for Potongan Cukai Berjadual in Malaysia national language. If the length of the trace is also provided, the total resistance, voltage drop, and. The calculator below uses Wadell’s. eu. The Polar Si9000e is a 2-D frequency dependent field solver used to accurately compute frequency dependent parameters such as Z, R, L, G, C, dielectric and copper losses for trace transmission lines on printed circuit boards. 5oz to 6oz), inner layer copper thickness from 18μm to 70μm (0. Part number. EIS is not included in tax relief. This is a wonderful evaluation board cooperatively designed by danjuliodesigns and SparkFun. 0 Si8000 PCB Controlled Impedance Field Solver – for single and multiple dielectric PCBs TheSi8000m is a boundary element method field solver that builds on the familiar easy to use user interface in earlier Polar impedance design systems. Its simple closed loop of PCB board is connected with receiver or transmitter terminals. g. This parameter is used for the loss calculations. In addition to a powerful coplanar waveguide calculator, Altium Designer users will have access to a. Related Links. 378t} W = 1. Mask coverage can be set adjacent, between and above traces. calculate the impedance and capacitance of PCB traces. The total contribution, both by employees and employers, is capped at 1% of the employees'. PCB Stackup or Buildup – a brief history. Board fabricator stackup is imported into CR-8000 Design Force. 0 insertion loss test coupons is now available in CGen Si edition impedance and insertion loss coupon generator. In this short article, you will learn: What are polar and cartesian coordinates: similarity and differences between the two most common coordinate. First, the Area is calculated: Area [mils²] = ( Current [Amps] / (k* ( Temp_Rise [°C] )^b) )^ (1/c) Then, the Width is calculated: Width [mils] = Area [mils²] / ( Thickness [oz] * 1. It will also calculate the trace internal temperature at any depth into the board. Board fabricator stackup is imported into CR-8000 Design Force. 09. Step 1. Polar's Speedstack PCB Stackup Builder incorporates a comprehensive Design Rules Check (DRC) function that includes checks for symmetry, copper balance, minimum trace and gap widths and excess resin. Graph functions, plot points, visualize algebraic equations, add sliders, animate graphs, and more. Download page for useful programs of Multi PCB Ltd. If offers advanced field solving methods to model most circuit designs and is totally complementary to the CITS500s and RITS500s manual and automatic Controlled Impedance Test Systems. This is particularly helpful during the PCB design and layout stages. There's also a graph which shows you the meaning of what you've found. f 2 = Upper operational frequency in GHz. Borang PCB TP3 2023. W. 0. Statutory contribution schedules: Jadual PCB 2023 / PCB Table 2018. It delivers a value for Zdiff which is close to the polar fieldsolver output. BGA land calculator based on the IPC-7351A specification. Z-planner Enterprise contains a stackup calculator which ensures signal integrity across a PCB for various controlled impedance models to quickly simulate electrical performance based on the current stack up configuration. Fax +43 7666 20041-20 . png' alt='Inductor Impedance Calculator' title='Inductor Impedance Calculator' /> Impedance CalculatorFree Downloads Polar Pcb Impedance Calculator. Speedstack is a versatile PCB layer stackup design tool featuring powerful and easy to use graphical stackup editing capabilities. Microstrip Impedance Calculator. In the Grid Manager, select a Polar Grid (or create one by selecting the Menu button and choosing Add Polar Grid ). The kusashi calculators are free online tools for general use. PCB impedance calculator. com) was closed on Wednesday, September 20, 2023. [m] height of trace above return plane. The Polar Form Calculator will display the polar form of the. First, the Area is calculated: Area [mils²] = ( Current [Amps] / (k* ( Temp_Rise [°C] )^b) )^ (1/c) Then, the Width is calculated:. Below is an interactive calculator that allows you to easily convert complex numbers in polar form to rectangular form, and vice-versa. - printed circuit board manufacturer. Instructions are below the calculator and don’t forget we can make and test your controlled impedance printed circuit boards too. To start, select the type of PCB conductor, fill in the geometric measurements of your circuit board, and it will automatically give you the relevant. Garis Panduan KKCP (Pind. If the PCB amount after zakat deduction is less than RM 10, the employer needs to carry out the Monthly Tax Deduction for the employee to LHDN. f 1 = Lower operational frequency in GHz. As of my knowledge cutoff of 2021, the contribution rate for employees is 0. The size of the panel used for manufacturing, which largely affects the price per board, is mostly determined by the dimensions, layer count, and desired quantity of the PCBs. This calculator requires symmetry in the trace widths and location between plane layers. With our resources and experience, we have what it takes to meet your project needs from concept to production and also be your complete electronic engineering partner no matter how. In Saturn PCB Toolkit with these same parameters, it calculates the impedance of a 0. Modulus Argument Type Operator . Polar Instruments - PCB Test - PCB Fault Finding and Controlled Impedance. 15. , sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of harmful effects during a. To use this calculator, simply input your microstrip geometry and Dk value, and the tool will return the differential impedance value for a pair of microstrip traces. Stripline Impedance Calculator. 27 Oct 2017:. Using this calculator, you can find the resonant frequency, which means that you can disregard the reactive impedance (reactance) and only pay attention to the resistive impedance (resistance). Advanced Circuits is MIL-PRF-31032, MIL-PRF-55110G, AS9100C, ISO 9001:2008 Certified, IPC 6012 Class 2, 3 and 3A Qualified, and ITAR Registered. Marital Status (Tick if applicable) Disabled Individual : Yes: No: Disabled Spouse : Yes: No : Children : No. Polar Pcb Impedance Calculator Series Óf Webinars; Polar Pcb Impedance Calculator Software That Cán; Instead of using a homemade tool to work out the impedance of each trace in your PCB, Altium Designer incorporates PCB impedance calculations as part of your design rules. The calculator is set up to handle an asymmetric arrangement, where traces are not centrally located in the PCB layer stack. Making use of Siemen’s Hyperlynx Field Solver, users are able to target specific differential impedances to. The values provided above are inserted into the equation below and computed. kapchew May 18, 2023, 1:54am 4. Graph functions, plot points, visualize algebraic equations, add sliders, animate graphs, and more. Enter a problem Cooking Calculators. Modeling approximation can be used to design the microstrip trace. 31 Jan 2018: Official Jadual PCB 2018 link updated. The Cartesian coordinates x and y can be converted to polar coordinates r and θ with r ≥ 0 and θ in the interval (− π, π] using the following formulas: r = x2 +y2− −−−−−√, θ = arctan(y x). PP/006 PrePreg 1080 0. Modulus Argument Type Operator . PCS is an essential tax deduction for all of the Malaysian employment as it directly applied a deduction towards employee salary. Polar coordinates are a different way of representing points in a plane compared to the more familiar Cartesian coordinates. 35. Hi marce, Thanks for the reply. There are some advantages to using a microstrip transmission line over other alternatives. This calculator can calculate the impedance and propagation delay of any microstrip by taking its respective height, width, thickness & dielectric constant. AP537. Figure 3 shows an example of the Saturn PCB calculator screen. all were having formula restrictions of W/H should be less than 3. Calculation Method. It includes a link and license for Polar’s Si8000m, using the proven Polar Si8000m multipleThis will be specified in your controller's datasheet in the DDR4 interface specifications. Once the trace width required for specific nets to have a target impedance (usually 50 Ohms) is determined, it can be set as a design rule in your PCB routing utilities. Click New Polar Grid entry in the grid then click Properties . Coplanar Waveguide Calculator. In Saturn PCB Toolkit with these same parameters, it calculates the impedance of a 0. Assign substrate values by frequency band to. Bona fide Colleges and Universities may obtain very special full activation pricing for this software by contacting Ken Taylor. For an exact calculation we use the software of the market leader Polar instruments GmbH – please contact us. degree radian. Stripline Impedance Calculator. The digits here represent the number of sequential laminations. Common Dielectric. This calculator determines the impedance of a symmetric differential stripline pair. The Polar Instruments Si9000e Transmission Line Field Solver incorporates fast and accurate frequency-dependent PCB transmission line modelling. Share. Speedstack is a versatile PCB layer stackup design tool featuring powerful and easy to use graphical stackup editing capabilities. 00. Wavelength calculator Calculates the wavelength of a signal using Ereff. Dual Stripline. 01 / PSec v20. Pay this PCB amount, right down to the decimal point. Graphing Calculator is a tool for quickly visualizing math. Expect a large variation of. Speedstack is the stackup design tool of choice for professional PCB Designers fabricators and brokers who have a requirement to document and design stackups drill plans and material requirements complete with high speed transmissionline information. PCB, short from Potongan Cukai Bulanan, aka MTD short from Monthly Tax Deduction in both Malay and English in Malaysia. 151mm wide trace to be 56. Used on: FT100 GRS500. Where, εr is the dielectric constant of the material (as per the datasheet) H is the height of the trace above ground. To avoid microstrip modes, have h >> (w+2g) and extend component side ground away from the trace by > (w+2g). Industry Leading PCB Designer's Tools. With the Si9000 PCB Transmission Line Field Solver you can view the full range of 2 and 4-port S-parameters in a single chart window. In terms of how these calculators work, the impedance of a transmission line in a PCB can be calculated in four ways: Use the R, L, C, G parameters from the Telegrapher’s equations to calculate the impedance of the transmission line. In what follows j j is the imaginary unit such that j2 = −1 j 2 = − 1 or j = −1−−−√ j = − 1. With t = 35 um (typical for copper with plating on a pcb), Z odd drops to 44 ohms, according to LineCalc. 58, it says a 50ohm trace is 0. This tool uses formulas from IPC-2221 to calculate the width of a copper printed circuit board conductor or "trace" required to carry a given current while keeping the resulting increase in trace temperature below a specified limit. Read More. The Si8000m is a boundary element method field solver that builds on the familiar easy to use user interface in earlier Polar impedance design systems. Crosshatch is a ‘non-ideal’ return path and is difficult to model accurately. 26 Jan 2019: Employee EPF contribution has been adjusted to follow EPF Third Schedule. The print screen of the PCB calculator is below. Calculates the bandwidth of a digital signal and maximum trace length, using the IPC-2251 method or the frequency domain method, for transmission line effects. The equation, I=kΔTbAc, incorporates K, B, C, ΔT, and A as variables. 第 2 类专门服务的电子产品: 包括通信设备、复杂的商业机器、需要高性能和延长寿命的仪器，以及需要不间断服务但不是关键的仪器。Software key (dongle) driver and server-side installer : FlexNet ID Software key (dongle) driver. If you want a thinner microstrip, you need to reduce the substrate height using one of the following solutions: Use a thinner 2-layer PCB, for example 0. Differential Pair Impedance Calculator With PCBWay impedance calculator, you can calculate the approximate impedance of your PCB / high frequency circuit board. Title: Speedstack PCB impedance solver and layer stackup package - technical reportHP-42S. It supports both balanced and unbalanced lines. While you can use different diameters for thermal vias, the optimal final diameter for the best thermal conductivity is 0. zip (170k) AP117. A Polar Coordinates Calculator is a tool used to convert between polar coordinates (r, θ) and Cartesian coordinates (x, y). Email: [email protected] the impedance and capacitance of PCB traces. 1 13. Simons, "Coplanar Waveguide Circuits, Components, and Systems", Wiley. CE v21. Students, hobbyists, engineers and businesses alike use our calculators for engineering, circuit board projects, and more. eCP39 is replacement of the SCHEDULE OF MONTHLY TAX DEDUCTION that use to be provided by LHDN. Version 4 series is accurate to the IPC-2152 but may be too conservative in many cases. The Si8000m adds enhanced modelling to predict the finished impedance of multiple dielectric PCB builds and also takes into account the local variations in dielectric constant on close spaced. Embedded microstrips also find themselves in high-speed digital PCB designs where entails signal travel with minimal distortion and no cross-talk and/or radiation is required. What is coplanar gaveguide circuits. PCB Padstack Calculator. 4mm PCB for a trace width of 0. In addition to incorporating Polars proven insertion loss field solver capability, Speedstack Si allows rapid import and export of. With nonlinear circuits, you will need to use more advanced analyses. The Si8000m adds enhanced modelling to predict the finished impedance of multiple dielectric PCB builds and also takes into account the local variations in dielectric. The number of chlorine atoms and their location in a PCB molecule determine many of its physical and chemical properties. The image below shows a typical 4-layer PCB stackup construction you’ll receive from most fabricators. Differential Pair Impedance Calculations in Your. Aside from labour, the PCB manufacturer must use a higher copper weight than what appears on the board, increasing material cost as well. of a layout. • The capacitance and electrolysis of aluminum come up with polarity. 4865 Nussdorf am Attersee. The characteristic impedance of the trace can be calculated using the below formula: Formula to calculate characteristic impedance of a PCB trace. The dialog is accessed from the PCB editor or the PCB library editor. 08 Mar 2020: Included 7% EPF calculation. EPD100 2022 v22. Select the box with the geometry that you would like to calculate. Eric Bogatin The Critical Length of. The following formula is used to calculate the cut-off frequency, lower & higher operational frequency of the rectangular waveguide. Speedstack is a versatile PCB layer stackup design tool featuring powerful and easy to use graphical stackup editing capabilities. Click Finish and FlowSync launches. Polar instruments GmbH . Helical Antenna Design Calculator. High-Speed PCB Stackup Design. model impedance by combining Polar's proven boundary element field-solving engine with easy graphing of process windows. Enter one of the three values and the calculator will output the other two. 0048, while for internal traces, K equals 0. ) This note describes the steps necessary to install and activate the hardware key. Modulus Argument Type . Standard 4-Layer Stackup. This means your employer will withhold the. 44 x A0. 1. 048 x dT0. Capacitance-Frequency-Inductance. In the example below: KiCAD PCB calculator says 119,5 Ohm with new formular is 106,7 Ohm polar field solver calculates 101 OhmPolar Flow. 30 Dec 2018: Updated PCB calculator for. For PCB fabricators Speedstack PCB interfaces with the industry standard Polar Si8000m PCB Controlled Impedance Field Solver. We have Altium Designer with integrated SIMBEOR modul, which is much more expensive year by year. It is necessary to divide it by 2 to calculate the excess resin value per side; so for this example excess resin = 0. PCB is the Malaysian monthly tax deduction - Potongan Cukai Bulanan in Malay. The trace width can then be calculated by re-arranging this formula to determine the cross-sectional area that. If you’re designing an RF PCB for microwave or higher frequencies, controlled impedance routing should be top of mind to ensure signal integrity. An interactive version of this table may be found here . Now I'd like to get into this topic and the first task would be to create a ~ 10cm board to board interconnect flex PCB with 90 ohm (USB) and 100 ohm (LVDS) controlled impedance traces on it. Transmission-Line Calculator. 第 1 类普通电子产品: 包括消费产品，一些计算机和计算机外围设备，适用于外观缺陷不重要，主要要求是完成 pcb 的功能的应用。. The PCB fab should have a $$$ software tool such as made by Polar Instruments and others, that are much more comprehensive than any of the free download or online calculators. 11. Payment for 12 and 24 month licenses. Co: capacitance per unit length. 00, File Size: 4. $endgroup$ –Free Downloads: Polar Pcb Impedance Calculator. PCB designers guide to specifying controlled impedance (characteristic impedance) for fine lines. As for the PCB calculator parameters, consider that it uses an approximated empirical formula. PCB substrates with higher moisture content will have higher leakage current as water and other liquids used during PCB manufacturing processes are polar, thus they tend to have high conductivity. 10 (Free educational utility – requires Microsoft Excel TM 2010 or above). Advanced Circuits has been the leading PCB quick turn manufacturer since 1989. Understanding and correctly calculating your PCB’s trace width limitations is crucial for keeping your PCB. INPUT DATA. Download popular programs, drivers and latest updates easily. However, an online Parallel and Perpendicular Line. IPC 2221 PCB Calculator trace width. This calculator facilitates complex numbers (phasors) arithmetic operations: impedance and power calculation. For PCB fabricators, Speedstack PCB interfaces with the industry standard Polar Si8000m PCB Controlled Impedance Field Solver. CITS880s – Controlled Impedance. Polar - Polar. ACC225. ΔT measures the temperature change in Celsius. Using this calculator, you can find the resonant frequency, which means that you can disregard the reactive impedance (reactance) and only pay attention to the resistive impedance (resistance). Reference: R. Freeware. Speedstack is a versatile PCB layer stackup design tool featuring powerful and easy to use graphical stackup editing capabilities. W is the width of the trace. Polar Speedstack is the pre-layout stackup tool of choice for many high end fabricators, value added brokers and OEM base PCB Technologists and features greatly enhanced productivity: Enables design rule checking early in the design process. Altium Designer's layer stackup design tool is integrated into the PCB Editor, so you can quickly access a powerful 2D field solver that accommodates the four common differential trace arrangements, including coplanar arrangements. It consists of a thick core (about 42 mils) and 2 prepreg layers (7 mils each). Borang PCB TP1 2023. Our mission is to provide world class software and KwickFit is the result of our service to the PCB industry. Don’t forget to check out our other. Further Reading. 022mm (75um – 53um = 22um) This value is the total excess resin value. Description. Note: Units do not matter for this calculation as long as they are consistent. 2. . Calculating Differential vs. Z-planner Enterprise contains a stackup calculator which ensures signal integrity across a PCB for various controlled impedance models to quickly simulate electrical performance based on the current stack up configuration. The calculator below uses Wadell’s. For the same employee, monthly PCB for salary alone will be RM 130, so the tax for bonus is RM 650 - RM 130 = RM 520. Get personalized guidance and feedback to help you set your goals, plan your workouts, and track your progress. You can route signals with lower frequency/slower switching speeds or through an interior layer as long as they are orthogonal. Fig. 0 / Polar Graph v19. ) 2020. Sierra Circuits Impedance Calculator employs a 2D numerical solution of Maxwell’s equations for PCB transmission lines. CR-8000 Design Force users can now exchange pre-layout stackup designs seamlessly with Polar’s Speedstack for IC Packaging and PCB design. If you are looking for a reliable PCB board. dBm Chart SI Prefixes Ohms Law. Where I is maximum current in Amps, k is a constant, dT is temperature rise above ambient in °C, & A is cross sectional area of trace mils². Impedance captures the real and complex. Select the installation location on your computer, click Next and wait for the install to complete. Our tool has the following features that will help you to design a reliable build-up: It has a library of stack-up templates. 0 ()' 0 0 K k K k E Z r η = (4) where = h w k 2. Learn how to design PCBs that meet the requirements and specifications of manufacturers, and avoid common errors and issues that may cause delays or failures. 2. pcb impedance calculator is usually used in the design of Multilayer PCB, high-frequency PCB, and antenna PCB. Reference: R. The KiCadPCB calculator is apparently assuming a rectangular trace profile which isn’t quite realistic, particularly with minimal trace clearance values. Enter the relative permitivity, width of the trace, the ground plane spacing, and the substrate thickness to calculate the characteristic impedance. Hitech Circuits is a professional PCB board fabrication, printed circuit board manufacturer, supplier in China, we focus on printed circuit boards manufacturing such as high density interconnect pcb, heavy copper PCB, Power PCB, high frequency pcb, RF PCB, ceramic PCB, Rogers PCB, Teflon PCB and more. Related Links. is an industry leader in high quality PCB Design and turnkey electronic engineering offering the very best service at competitive prices. The formula for calculating allowable current through a trace is published in the IPC-2221 standard section 6. Industry Leading PCB Designer's Tools. The result is based on formula not 2D field solve, so it can only confirm the accuracy in a relatively range. The PCB Impedance Calculator in Altium Designer. 6 Color-Code This calculator helps translating the color bars from the resistor to its value. 06. This calculator uses the following formulas for converting the values between the VSWR, return loss, reflection coefficient, and mismatch loss. This tool allows you to create, edit, and simulate your PCB design, and provides. You write down problems, solutions and notes to go back. ) 2020. Impedance-Calculator. Calculate your EPF & PCB online with this free tool. CAM350, GerbTool, Polar Impedance Calculator. CGen Coupon Generator 2021 v21. Width of trace:100 mills. Polar - Polar. PCBCart's Standard PCB Layer Stack-up. Planarr solver is what you need. KKCP (Pind. We offer an easy-to-use Signal Layer Estimator that will eliminate your complicated design delays. PCB Impedance Calculator. It renders fairly accurate results suitable for use in. As we mentioned, it’s also sometimes simply called your monthly tax deduction in English, so if you’re looking for the MTD meaning, it’s the same as PCB. Source; Wikipedia Capacitors further have a concept of capacitor polarity that includes polar and non-polar capacitors. These are pure estimates to. The Si8000m adds enhanced modelling to predict the. Suitable for raw or assembled boards the GRS500 is able to import both CAD and CAM formats, including OrCad, PADS, IPC D356, Cadstar, Mentor and many. This statistical converter for the complex number to polar form is provided for your personal use and should be used as a guide only. Example Problem #2: For this problem, the variables required are provided below: polar angle (degrees) = 6. 11,150. Complete RF PCB Design and Layout in Altium Designer. It includes a link and license for Polar’s Si8000m, using the proven Polar Si8000m multipleKalkulator PCB Lembaga Hasil Dalam Negeri. Using a Differential Pair Impedance Calculator. Figure 2. W. 5. You can also define the supply nets and use the Tools menu to provide average track impedances and route lengths. Accurate and easy to use, Polar Si8000m makes designing impedance. ) 2019. KwickFit is the easiest to use PCB panel calculator on the planet and it's power layout engine will deliver cost saving optimizations again and again. Testing with Test Coupons. This can be set to zero, but the calculated loss will not include conductor losses. Our very brief discussion of complex impedance and the polar form of complex impedance underlines both the mathematical complexity involved with calculating impedance and tough problems that we encounter with impedance. It’s library of PCB laminate material reduces material costs without sacrificing performance. Example 2: Find a square root of 10 ∠ 35° leaving the result a) in polar form, b) in rectangular form. Send feedback | Visit Wolfram|Alpha. Height: Height of the substrate. Quote. This assumes ~0 trace thickness. With the Si9000 versions 9. Sample coupon — Gerber Data mpcd1345. 8% EPF. We recommend the software from Polar Instruments if you want to get exact impedance calculation. 54. I’ll show you in a minute why just part of the symbol isn’t good enough. IPC-2141 equation for characteristic trace impedance. 10 and later. Features of our Stackup Designer. This 6-layer PCB stackup example is a popular entry-level option that provides shielding for low speed traces on the interior layer from traces on the outer layers. Access to the PCB calculator. The stripline impedance calculator provided below is useful for gaining an initial estimate of trace impedance for striplines. Crosshatch is a ‘non-ideal’ return path and is difficult to model accurately. 34, 40, and 48 Ohms single. Speedstack is the stackup design tool of choice for professional PCB Designers fabricators and brokers who have a requirement to document and design stackups drill plans and material requirements complete with high speed transmissionline information. 0 Eigenvalue Insertion Loss Test. Relative Dielectric Constant ( εr ): Track Width (S):. The required inputs are the Dk value for the dielectric constant of the PCB substrate, and the. You can also mark the cathode with a “K” (use “K,” not “C,” because “C” can be confused with a capacitor). Display Pad's Number and Net. Provides for concurrent design rule changes as work progresses. Follow this short decision tree to select the version of Speedstack that matches your. PCB Via Calculator March 12, 2006. The order of preference in the choice of reference planes is. The acronym is popularly known for monthly tax deduction among many Malaysians. 9㎡. Pi AttenuatorTpd: propagation delay. This impecance calculator is used for estimation and rough dimensioning of high frequency PCB. It can also convert complex numbers from Cartesian to polar form and vice versa. 13mm (depends on manufacturer's specs) and you get a trace width of ~0. 11. With the development of science and technology,. Polar UK: Si9000e PCB transmission line modeling. CLC100 Critical Trace Length Calculator. The Track's Routing Follows Component's Rotation. The microstrip is a very simple yet useful way to create a transmission line with a PCB. PCB is RM 2754. These equations are. " Learn more about the calculator here. Sample coupon — Gerber Data mpcd1345. To convert from the rectangular to the polar form, we use the following rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates formulas: r = √ (x² + y²) θ = arctan (y / x) Where: x and y — Rectangular coordinates; r — Radius of the polar coordinate; and. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are derived from biphenyl by substitution of one to 10 hydrogen atoms by chlorine atoms. PCB Layer Calculation and Documentation Tool User Guide Speedstack PCB Stackup Design and Documentation Polar Instruments Ltd Polar Instruments Ltd.